Starting in 1946 the inflation
adjusted price of oil was $18.33 per barrel. After climbing
sharply for a couple of years, it stayed relatively steady
and in fact steadily (albeit slowly) declined in inflation adjusted terms
until 1973. From there prices exploded until 1980 when the
bubble burst and prices returned to "normal" however they
were much more volatile from then on.
InflationData: Historical Oil Prices Chart
The major peaks occurred in December
1979 at $121.28, October 1990 at $63.61, and June 2008 at
$141.32 (all inflation adjusted to 2017 dollars). Another
interesting item to note is that the inflation adjusted average price has been
increasing. The average for the entire period from 1946 to
present is $43.24 but the average since 1980 is $54.27 and
the the average since 2000 is $63.41. This may be the result
of increased extraction costs as it becomes harder to find
and requires much greater technology to get to it.
The absolute peak occurred in June
2008 with the highest inflation adjusted monthly average
crude oil price of $141.32 /
barrel. From there we see one of the sharpest drops in history.
Note that the fall from the 1979 peak took until 1986
(7 years) to fall as much (percentage wise) as it lost
in only six months from 2008-2009.
蘇聯瓦解瓦解後的二十年來，學術界對於蘇聯瓦解的研究從未停止，其中說法紛紜，而美國究竟在多大程度上促使蘇聯的瓦解，各界雷根政府瓦解蘇聯的貢獻還存有爭議，本文著重在分析雷根總統兩任任期之間，對蘇聯之外交政策以及美蘇關係的轉折。以雷根政府簽署的國家安全指令（NSDD）以及其他戰略對抗蘇聯，包括雷根主義、軍備競賽、政治圍堵、經濟制裁以及對蘇聯人民思想的同化，使原本已疲弱不堪的蘇聯經濟，又受到嚴重打擊，因此，戈巴契夫提出「新思維」改革，不過已積重難返。本論文主旨在於雷根政府如何加速蘇聯的解體，雷根政府在以非武力的「整體戰略」對抗蘇聯，戰爭不一定發生在戰場，美國對蘇聯的和平演變也是蘇聯加速瓦解的原因之一。
雷根政府在1983年提出「戰略防禦計畫」( SDI )，由於當時美蘇聯兩國在核戰的共識為「相互保證毀滅」，而雷根總統提出「戰略防禦計畫」目的為飛彈防禦政策，並投入龐大經費於此，然而蘇聯軍事技術尚未達到「戰略防禦計畫」之水準，因此，在經濟壓力之下，蘇聯決定與美國政府在軍備裁減方面談判，目的在於以雷根政府取消「戰略防禦計畫」，不過雷根堅持「戰略防禦計畫」非談判籌碼，然而，蘇聯首先讓步，決定與美國簽署《中程核武條約》。
雷根政府在1983年提出「戰略防禦計畫」( SDI )，由於當時美蘇聯兩國在核戰的共識為「相互保證毀滅」，而雷根總統提出「戰略防禦計畫」目的為飛彈防禦政策，並投入龐大經費於此，然而蘇聯軍事技術尚未達到「戰略防禦計畫」之水準，因此，在經濟壓力之下，蘇聯決定與美國政府在軍備裁減方面談判，目的在於以雷根政府取消「戰略防禦計畫」，不過雷根堅持「戰略防禦計畫」非談判籌碼，然而，蘇聯首先讓步，決定與美國簽署《中程核武條約》。
In nominal terms, we see a fall from $126.33 in
June 2008 to $31.04 in February 09 but by June 09
oil is back
to $61.46 and by April of 2011 it was back to $102.15.
Fortunately, from there it decreased down to $76.90
in September but then started increasing again. The
average for the year 2011 was $87.04. 2012 was very
close with the nominal average price being $86.46.
Crude oil prices rose in 2013 to an average price of
$91.17. The first 11 months of 2014 had an average
price of $89.08 but December's sharp drop brought
the annual average price down to $85.60.
The average
nominal price for 2015 was $41.85.
「戰略防禦計畫」
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